MORMON LDS CHURCH VERSUS THE CONSTITUTION
Utah's Mormon influence creates First Amendment challenges
By Chris Hamby
First Amendment Center Online intern
07.21.05
Public schools in Provo, Utah, barred events on Monday nights in 2002
after Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Gordon B.
Hinckley asked school officials to respect the Mormon practice of
Monday “family home evenings” — a move that typically would prompt a
religious-liberty lawsuit from the American Civil Liberties Union or
Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
But in Utah County (which includes Provo), where 19th century Mormon
leader Brigham Young’s influence permeates all aspects of life, and the
ACLU of Utah often finds itself understaffed and overworked against the
wealthy powerhouse that is the Mormon church, the school district’s
informal policy went relatively unchallenged.
“We have to prioritize what we take on,” said Dani Eyer, executive
director of the ACLU of Utah. “No one from the community came forward
and complained in this case. We need a plaintiff to have a case. We
pretty much need someone to care.”
Mormons are encouraged to stay home with their families on Monday
evenings for “family home evening,” which often involves games, bonding
and spiritual lessons.
Randall J. Merrill, superintendent of the Provo School District, said
barring events on Monday nights was never a formal policy, just a
suggestion by former superintendent Patti Harrington. Merrill said that
when he took over as superintendent he convinced the school board that
it was neither necessary nor wise to have a formal Monday night policy.
“I suggested that having such a policy was marginal with the First Amendment,” Merrill said.
Besides, Merrill said, the issue became one of practicality. It is
almost impossible to schedule events on Monday nights, Merrill said,
because people simply won’t attend.
Assistant superintendent Ray Morgan said the Monday-night debate
highlighted the need for the school district to work with the
community, which overwhelmingly supported barring events on Monday
nights. “We try to use common sense and work with people, not against
them,” Morgan said.
That raises an issue Eyer said the ACLU of Utah faces all the time —
although there is strength in numbers, there is not always correctness.
The majority often supports unconstitutional policies, she said, and
the ACLU picks from these to challenge what it deems most egregious and
of greatest impact.
The majority the Utah ACLU regularly faces is huge. According to recent
surveys from the American Religion Data Archive and the Glenmary
Research Center, Utah has the highest percentage (74%) nationwide of
religiously affiliated individuals, most of them Mormons. Provo, home
to Brigham Young University, has the highest percentage (90%) of
religiously affiliated individuals of any metro area in the United
States. In Provo, 88% of the total population and 98% of religiously
affiliated individuals are Mormons. Ninety percent of the state
Legislature is Mormon, according to the Columbia Journalism Review.
With a large and loyal base and an emphasis on tithing, the Mormon
church is also a financial titan that wields significant influence.
Although the LDS (Latter-day Saints) church does not reveal its
finances, even to members, Time magazine put the church’s assets at $30
billion in 1997. “If it were a corporation,” Time reported, “its
estimated $5.9 billion in annual gross income would place it midway
through the FORTUNE 500, a little below Union Carbide and the Paine
Webber Group but bigger than Nike and the Gap.”
It’s no surprise, then, that the ACLU of Utah, with its two full-time
and four part-time employees, often feels like David battling the
Mormon Goliath. Although it enlists the aid of “cooperating attorneys”
frequently, the ACLU of Utah must choose its battles — something it has
had moderate success with in the last few years.
The biggest showdown between the Utah ACLU and the Mormons in recent
years has been a free-speech case in Salt Lake City’s Main Street
Plaza. The conflict arose in 1999 when Salt Lake City sold part of Main
Street Plaza to the Mormon church, which then imposed speech
restrictions for the area.
Two cases emerged from this situation. The first (First Unitarian
Church v. Salt Lake City) reached the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of
Appeals, which ruled that the area was a public forum and that,
accordingly, the church must allow free speech.
The second case (Utah Gospel Mission v. Salt Lake City Corporation)
cropped up in 2003 when the Salt Lake City Council approved another
deal with the church, which traded the Main Street area for church land
in another area of town and for financial contributions. The ACLU again
filed suit, only to have it dismissed by the Utah federal district
court. The case is currently at the 10th Circuit.
Other lawsuits have included religiously motivated labor disputes. In
1999, the ACLU of Utah filed a suit on behalf of Provo schoolteacher
Charles Larson, who claimed he was fired because he wrote a book (By
His Own Hand Upon Papyrus) that was critical of the Book of Abraham, a
text revered by Mormons. Larson, a former correctional officer, settled
out of court.
The Utah ACLU got one of its biggest victories, though not in a
religious-liberty case, in 1998 when U.S. District Judge Bruce Jenkins
ruled that a high school in the Nebo district (contiguous to Provo) had
violated a teacher’s First Amendment rights by forcing her to sign a
gag order not to discuss her sexuality anywhere and by removing her as
girls’ volleyball coach, all because she was a lesbian. The case,
Weaver v. Nebo School District, has been cited in sexuality-based
discrimination cases nationwide.
But the teacher, Wendy Weaver, was not out of the woods yet. In 2001, a
group of Utah citizens asked the Utah Supreme Court to reverse the
district court’s decision. The state’s high court, however, ruled that
the citizens had no control over removing a teacher, nor did the court
have any right to fire Weaver or demand that the school board do so.
“The decision is an important reminder that individuals cannot look to
the courts to enforce their prejudicial views about lesbian and gay
teachers,” the Utah ACLU said on its Web site.
Although the ACLU of Utah often is involved in litigation, its most
effective tools can be the news media and negotiations, Eyer said. One
non-lawsuit victory came in April when the first same-sex couple
attended the Provo High School prom after the ACLU wrote and publicized
a letter to Provo High School Principal Sam Ray demanding that the two
male students be allowed to attend. The school allegedly had asked a
same-sex couple to leave a previous year’s prom, and the letter said
some students were concerned that school officials would not allow the
gay couple to attend the prom. In the letter, the Utah ACLU pointed out
Utah education regulations prohibiting discrimination based on sexual
orientation. The school acquiesced, and the two students were presented
alongside co-ed couples at the April 23 event.
Traditionally, Mormons oppose gay marriage but do not believe homosexuality is inherently sinful unless it is acted upon.
Other ongoing battles have not been so simple, or so easy for the Utah
ACLU. Superintendent Merrill acknowledged that Provo high schools have
what has been called “released time” — a class period tucked into the
school day during which students can do as they please. For most
students (Merrill estimates 80%) this means walking to a Mormon temple,
which is often across the street from the school. Students who aren’t
Mormon often use this time for extra classes, such as in art, Morgan
said.
The ACLU of Utah may have some concerns about this practice, Eyer said,
but it is not necessarily an issue it would want to attack. And even if
it did, it would have a difficult time. In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court
ruled in McCollum v. Board of Education, School District 71 that having
“released time” for religious instruction inside public schools was
unconstitutional. There could be religious functions off campus,
though, as long as they didn’t use school funds or have the school’s
encouragement.
And Provo schools do not encourage students to participate in religious activities during “released time,” Merrill said.
The Utah ACLU assailed what it called a prime example of religious
discrimination in 2001. It sent letters to the State Attorney General’s
Office and the Utah Restaurants Association saying the practice of
giving a 15% “missionary discount” to Mormon missionaries violated Utah
non-discrimination laws. The law mandates “full and equal
accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, goods and services
in all business establishments” without discrimination based on a
number of characteristics, including religion. A Utah Restaurants
Association official said “missionary discounts” were left up to
individual restaurants. Eyer said she thought some restaurants had
backed off the policy, but it could still exist. The ACLU of Utah is
not always fighting the Mormon church, though. Eyer recalled instances
when the ACLU defended Mormons who were discriminated against for their
religious beliefs, noting one in which the ACLU chastised a restaurant
for discriminating against Mormon customers.
The Utah ACLU also took on the U.S. Army in 2004 after a student at
Murray High School near Provo complained about Army recruiting
practices on campus. According to the ACLU, a recruiter had a sign that
said the Army would pay for an LDS mission. The ACLU of Utah wrote a
letter in December 2004 charging the Army with a violation of the First
Amendment’s establishment clause, which prevents government from
sponsoring religious activities. The Army conceded that the sign was
inappropriate and agreed to prohibit such recruiting practices, Eyer
said. Army officials could not confirm this claim.
No matter who the opponent is, it is clear the ACLU of Utah has its
hands full. Asked if she ever felt like she lived in a theocracy, Eyer
responded, “Absolutely. Every day.”
Romney candidacy has resurrected last days prophecy of Mormon saving the Constitution
By Thomas Burr
The Salt Lake Tribune
06/04/2007
WASHINGTON -
It's Mormon lore, a story passed along by some old-timers about the importance
of their faith and their country.
In the latter days, the story goes, the U.S. Constitution will hang by a
thread and a Mormon will ride in on a metaphorical white horse to save it. The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints says it does not accept the legend -
commonly referred to as the "White Horse Prophecy" - as doctrine.
The issue, however, has been raised on those occasions when Mormons have
sought the Oval Office: George Romney was asked about it during his bid in 1968,
Sen. Orrin Hatch discussed it when he ran in 2000, and now Mitt Romney.
"It is being raised," says Phil Barlow, a professor of Mormon history and
culture at Utah State University. "I've heard it a bit lately."
Romney says he doesn't believe in the supposed prophecy, nor did his father
when he ran.
"I haven't heard my name associated with it or anything of that nature,"
Mitt Romney told The Salt Lake Tribune during an interview earlier this
year. "That's not official church doctrine. There are a lot of things that are
speculation and discussion by church members and even church leaders that aren't
official church doctrine. I don't put that at the heart of my religious belief."
The disputed prophecy was recorded in a diary entry of a Mormon who had
heard the tale from two men who were with Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, Ill. when he
supposedly declared the prophecy.
"You will see the Constitution of the United States almost destroyed," the
diary entry quotes Smith as saying. "It will hang like a thread as fine as a
silk fiber."
Not only will the Mormons save the Constitution, under the prediction, but
the prophecy goes further, insinuating that Mormons will control the government.
"Power will be given to the White Horse to rebuke the nations afar off, and
you obey it, for the laws go forth from Zion," the prophecy says.
The LDS Church denounces the premonition, which was recorded 10 years after
Smith's death. A church spokesman pointed to a quote from the faith's sixth
president, Joseph F. Smith, who called the prophecy "ridiculous."
"It is simply false; that is all there is to it," the church prophet was
quoted saying.
Joseph Smith, who Mormons believe found ancient gold plates and transcribed
them into the Book of Mormon, ran for president in 1844, a year after he
supposedly told of the White Horse Prophecy. Smith was murdered by a mob shortly
thereafter.
So far, it hasn't been overtly discussed in reference to Romney's bid, but
he told The Tribune previously that it was raised in the 1968
presidential run of his father, George Romney.
"It came up in the race, but he didn't believe in it," the younger Romney
said in 1999.
In fact, George Romney said there are different interpretations of what
Smith and Brigham Young, another Mormon prophet, were saying, according to a
1967 edition of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought:
"I have always felt that they meant that sometime the question of whether we
are going to proceed on the basis of the Constitution would arise and at this
point government leaders who were Mormons would be involved in answering that
question," George Romney was quoted as saying.
In the 2000 presidential race, the prophecy again made news during Hatch's
failed bid for the White House. The Utah Republican and Mormon commented on the
Constitution hanging by a thread during a radio interview, fanning thoughts of
whether he was referring to the prophecy. Hatch says he was not referencing the
premonition.
Mitt Romney has faced a barrage of questions about his religion from the
news media but few in public from voters. One man in New Hampshire last week
told Romney he wouldn't vote for him because Romney's a Mormon. But the guy
added that he was a liberal and voting for Hillary Clinton.
On the trail, Romney talks generally about his belief in God but does not
engage in doctrinal debate over details of his faith. He declines often to go
into the specific tenets of the Mormon religion, saying that he is not a
spokesperson for his church.
Ann Marie Curling, a Mormon in Kentucky who backs Romney, knows of the
prophecy but puts no stock in it.
"It's definitely not playing into why I support him," says Curling, who runs
a pro-Romney blog.
She says the few who believe in the prophecy are in the "extreme" fringes of
the faith. "I don't see it being the reason everyday LDS persons are supporting
him."
While the LDS Church does not accept the White Horse Prophecy as doctrine,
several former leaders of the faith have spoken of the threat to the
Constitution at various times, according to research by George Cobabe, who
studied the prophecy's origins for the Foundation for Apologetic Information &
Research. The group's mission is to defend the church and correct
misunderstandings.
He says the concept of religious people saving the Constitution in the last
days is a common theme for many faiths, but adds the White Horse Prophecy is
bunk.
"I don't think the White Horse Prophecy is fair to bring up at all," he
says. "It's been rejected by every church leader that has talked about it. It
has nothing to do with anything."
Barlow, the Utah State University professor, says probably 10 percent to 20
percent of Mormons in America have heard of the prophecy by name but that many
more have likely heard bits and pieces of it.
"It's dubious whether this originated with Joseph Smith but it seems to have
a life of its own," Barlow says. "While most Mormons may not have heard of it,
there are some themes that have some currency."
The main theme is the apocalyptic end of the world and the phrase that the
Constitution - which Mormons believe was divinely inspired - will "hang by a
thread."
Still, Barlow says it's doubtful the so-called prophecy will make a big
splash during the campaign.
"It's too esoteric than bigger things like polygamy that will get brought
up," he says, referring to the practice of marrying multiple wives that the
church officially denounced in 1890.